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Since 1880, global mean sea level has risen by 8-9 inches (21-24 centimeters) <ref>Lindsey, R. (2022, April 19). Climate change: Global sea level. NOAA Climate.gov. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level</ref>. This rise is mainly attributed to two outcomes of global warming: the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, and ocean expansion due to increasing ocean temperatures. Rising sea levels threaten personal property and infrastructure of coastal cities and towns as well as coastal ecosystems. It also worsens the devastation of natural disasters like hurricanes and tsunamis, which can reach farther inland. Average sea level rise in the U.S. is projected to be 7.2 feet (2.2 meters) by 2100, and 13 feet (3.9 meters) by 2150 with current global temperature and glacial retreat models <ref>Lindsey, R. (2022, April 19). Climate change: Global sea level. NOAA Climate.gov. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level</ref>.  
[[File:Sea level rise.jpg|thumb|550px|Sea Level Rise (Source: ClimateChangePost<ref>Retrieved from https://www.climatechangepost.com/news/latest-estimate-of-current-rate-of-global-sea-level-rise-35-mm-per-year/ on October 24, 2024. </ref>)]]
----https://www.usgs.gov/tools/coastal-change-hazards-portal by USGS. Displays probabilities of coastal erosion.<div style="margin-left: 90px;">
 
== Introduction ==
Since 1880, global mean sea level (GMSL) has risen by 8-9 inches (21-24 centimeters) <ref name=":0">Lindsey, R. (2022, April 19). Climate change: Global sea level. NOAA Climate.gov. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level</ref>. This rise is mainly attributed to two outcomes of global warming: the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, and ocean expansion due to increasing ocean temperatures. The GMSL rise is also accelerating. GMSL from tide gauges and altimetry observations increased from 1.4 mm yr<small><sup>–1</sup></small> over the period 1901–1990 to 2.1 mm yr<small><sup>–1</sup></small> over the period 1970–2015 to 3.2 mm yr<small><sup>–1</sup></small> over the period 1993–2015 to 3.6 mm yr<small><sup>–1</sup></small> over the period 2006–2015<ref name=":1">Oppenheimer, M., B.C. Glavovic , J. Hinkel, R. van de Wal, A.K. Magnan, A. Abd-Elgawad, R. Cai, M. Cifuentes-Jara, R.M. DeConto, T. Ghosh, J. Hay, F. Isla, B. Marzeion, B. Meyssignac, and Z. Sebesvari, 2019: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities. In: ''IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate'' [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 321-445. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.006</nowiki>.</ref>. 
 
Rising sea levels threaten personal property and infrastructure of coastal cities and towns as well as coastal ecosystems. It also worsens the devastation of natural disasters like hurricanes and tsunamis, which can reach farther inland. Average sea level rise in the U.S. is projected to be 7.2 feet (2.2 meters) by 2100, and 13 feet (3.9 meters) by 2150 with current global temperature and glacial retreat models<ref name=":0" />.  
 
Rising mean and increasingly extreme sea level threaten coastal zones through a range of coastal hazards including (i) the permanent submergence of land by higher mean sea levels or mean high tides; (ii) more frequent or intense coastal flooding; (iii) enhanced coastal erosion; (iv) loss and change of coastal ecosystems; (v) salinisation of soils, ground and surface water; and (vi) impeded drainage. At the century scale and without adaptation, the vast majority of low-lying islands, coasts and communities face substantial risk from these coastal hazards, whether they are urban or rural, continental or island, at any latitude, and irrespective of their level of development<ref name=":1" />.  
 
== Dataset ==
<div style="margin-left: 90px;">
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70em"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70em"
|+
|+
Line 6: Line 15:
!Description
!Description
!Map viewer and/or Data access
!Map viewer and/or Data access
|-
|ESA CCI gridded sea level data<ref>Ablain, M., Cazenave, A., Larnicol, G., Balmaseda, M., Cipollini, P., Faugère, Y., Fernandes, M. J., Henry, O., Johannessen, J. A., Knudsen, P., Andersen, O., Legeais, J., Meyssignac, B., Picot, N., Roca, M., Rudenko, S., Scharffenberg, M. G., Stammer, D., Timms, G., and Benveniste, J.: Improved sea level record over the satellite altimetry era (1993–2010) from the Climate Change Initiative project, Ocean Sci., 11, 67-82, doi:10.5194/os-11-67-2015, 2015. </ref>
|A multi-satellite merged time series of monthly gridded Sea Level Anomalies, with a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees, from year 1993 to 2015.
ESA also present other [https://climate.esa.int/en/data/#/search sea level related datasets.]
|[https://climate.esa.int/en/projects/sea-level/ View]; [https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/142052b9dc754f6da47a631e35ec4609/ Access]
|-
|AVISO global mean sea level data<ref>https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/data/products/ocean-indicators-products/mean-sea-level.html</ref>
|Sea level data derived from satellite altimery.
|[https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/data/products/ocean-indicators-products/mean-sea-level/data-acces.html#c12195 Access and View]
|-
|NASA's sea level change portal<ref>https://sealevel.nasa.gov/</ref>
|NASA provides a comprehensive portal for sea level change, including '''historical data, satellite observations, and projections'''.
|[https://sealevel.nasa.gov/data_tools/16/ observations]; [https://sealevel.nasa.gov/data_tools/17 IPCC AR6 projection]; [https://sealevel.nasa.gov/data_tools/18/ Interagency scenarios]
|-
|NOAA sea level observation<ref>https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/socd/lsa/SeaLevelRise/index.php</ref>
|Global and local sea level time series based on measurements from '''satellite radar altimeters''' since 1992.
|[https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/socd/lsa/SeaLevelRise/LSA_SLR_timeseries.php Access]
|-
|NOAA sea level trend data
|Local trends in sea level rise estimated using the same measurements above, i.e. measurements from '''satellite radar altimeters''' since 1992
|[https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/ View]; [https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/socd/lsa/SeaLevelRise/LSA_SLR_maps.php Access]
|-
|-
|Sea level rise viewer by NOAA<ref>https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/slr.html</ref>
|Sea level rise viewer by NOAA<ref>https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/slr.html</ref>
|The data and maps illustrate potential coastal '''flooding impact areas''' and relative depth associated with '''different scales of sea level rise''', as well as potential changes in marsh and other land cover types based on inundation levels. It can be used as a screening-level tool for management decisions.
|The data and maps illustrate potential coastal '''flooding impact areas''' and relative depth associated with '''different scales of sea level rise''', as well as potential changes in marsh and other land cover types based on inundation levels. It can be used as a screening-level tool for management decisions.
|[https://coast.noaa.gov/slr/ View]
|[https://coast.noaa.gov/slr/ View]
|-
|NOAA’s Coastal Inundation Dashboard<ref><nowiki>https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/storm-dashboard.html</nowiki></ref>
|It provides near real-time water level information, as well as storm track and intensity forecast, active coastal flood and storm surge watches and warnings. Storm surge inundation datasets are created using the high tide scenario SLOSH MOM products for all regions.
|[https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/inundationdb/ View]
|-
|-
|Sea level analysis tool<ref>https://climate.sec.usace.army.mil/slat/technicaldocumentation/</ref>
|Sea level analysis tool<ref>https://climate.sec.usace.army.mil/slat/technicaldocumentation/</ref>
|The web application enables users to visualize '''observed''' sea level data, compare observations to projected sea level change, and estimate when tidal and extreme water levels will intersect with elevation thresholds related to local infrastructure (e.g., roads, power generating facilities, dunes).  
|The web application enables users to visualize '''observed''' sea level data, compare observations to projected sea level change, and estimate when tidal and extreme water levels will intersect with elevation thresholds related to local infrastructure (e.g., roads, power generating facilities, dunes).  
|[https://climate.sec.usace.army.mil/slat/ View]
|[https://climate.sec.usace.army.mil/slat/ View]
|-
|NOAA sea level observation<ref>https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/socd/lsa/SeaLevelRise/index.php</ref>
|Global and local sea level time series based on measurements from '''satellite radar altimeters''' since 1992.
|[https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/socd/lsa/SeaLevelRise/LSA_SLR_timeseries.php Access]
|-
|NASA's sea level change portal<ref>https://sealevel.nasa.gov/</ref>
|NASA provides a comprehensive portal for sea level change, including '''historical data, satellite observations, and projections'''.
|[https://sealevel.nasa.gov/data_tools/16/ observations]; [https://sealevel.nasa.gov/data_tools/17 IPCC AR6 projection]; [https://sealevel.nasa.gov/data_tools/18/ Interagency scenarios]
|-
|-
|NASA's coastal flooding analysis tool<ref>https://sealevel.nasa.gov/data_tools/15/</ref>
|NASA's coastal flooding analysis tool<ref>https://sealevel.nasa.gov/data_tools/15/</ref>
Line 38: Line 64:
|This portal provides a comprehensive collection of data related to coastal hazards, including the probability of long-term shoreline change due to sea-level rise. This probability is calculated using information about rates of relative sea-level rise, wave height, tidal range, coastal geomorphology, coastal slope, and historical rate of shoreline change. Coastal vulnerability index to this change is also giving.  
|This portal provides a comprehensive collection of data related to coastal hazards, including the probability of long-term shoreline change due to sea-level rise. This probability is calculated using information about rates of relative sea-level rise, wave height, tidal range, coastal geomorphology, coastal slope, and historical rate of shoreline change. Coastal vulnerability index to this change is also giving.  
|[https://marine.usgs.gov/coastalchangehazardsportal/ View]
|[https://marine.usgs.gov/coastalchangehazardsportal/ View]
|}
</div>'''storm-tide monitoring: <nowiki>https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/storm-tide-monitoring#overview</nowiki>'''
* storm events database by NOAA: <nowiki>https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/</nowiki>
* severe weather data inventory by NOAA <nowiki>https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/severe-weather-data-inventory</nowiki> view <nowiki>https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/maps/swdi/</nowiki>
* usgs total water level and coastal change forecast viewer: <nowiki>https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/hurricanes/research/twlviewer/</nowiki>
* <nowiki>https://marine.usgs.gov/coastalchangehazardsportal/</nowiki> has long and short-term shoreline changes, sea level rise.
'''Ocean data'''
* Daily OISST by NCEI: <nowiki>https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/optimum-interpolation-sst</nowiki>
* NOAA digital coast: <nowiki>https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/flood-exposure.html</nowiki>
'''Damage and Loss'''
*
=== Publication Information ===
* '''Publication Date:''' 2023-10-23
* '''Citation:'''
: Bartlett, M.K., Farris, A.S., Weber, K.M., and Henderson, R.E., 2023, USGS National Shoreline Change — 2017 lidar-derived mean high water shoreline and associated shoreline change data for coastal North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HYNUNV.
=== Summary ===
The USGS has compiled shoreline data for over two decades, creating a record of historical shoreline positions to monitor and analyze national shoreline evolution. The most recent dataset encompasses a newly extracted mean high water (MHW) shoreline from lidar data in 2017 and provides rates of change for both long-term and short-term assessments.<ref>[https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HYNUNV Dataset Summary], U.S. Geological Survey data release.</ref>
=== Subregions Covered ===
* Northern North Carolina (NCnorth)
* Central North Carolina (NCcentral)
* Southern North Carolina (NCsouth)
* Western North Carolina (NCwest)
=== Contact Information ===
* '''Point of Contact:''' Marie K Bartlett
* '''Authors:''' Marie K Bartlett, Amy Farris, Kathryn M Weber, Rachel E. Henderson
* '''Publisher:''' U.S. Geological Survey
* '''Data Owner:''' Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
* '''USGS Program:''' Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program
* '''Distributor:''' U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase
=== Attached Files ===
* [Insert link to the file here NC_shoreline_2017.PNG] - "2017 lidar shoreline extents for each region of coastal North Carolina" (thumbnail, 2.98 MB, image/png)
=== Related Resources ===
* [https://code.usgs.gov/cch/dsas/ Digital Shoreline Analysis System (version 5.1): U.S. Geological Survey Software]
* [https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20211091 Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) version 5.1 User Guide]
=== Communities & Tags ===
* USGS Data Release Products
* Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
* Tags: coastal processes, erosion, geospatial datasets, shoreline accretion
=== Additional Information ===
* '''Provenance:''' On 20231024, V. Cross removed redundant zip files from each data page.
* '''Identifiers:''' [https://www.sciencebase.gov/vocab/category/item/identifier doi:10.5066/P9HYNUNV]
'''storm-tide monitoring: <nowiki>https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/storm-tide-monitoring#overview</nowiki>'''
* storm events database by NOAA: <nowiki>https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/</nowiki>
* severe weather data inventory by NOAA <nowiki>https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/severe-weather-data-inventory</nowiki> view <nowiki>https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/maps/swdi/</nowiki>
* usgs total water level and coastal change forecast viewer: <nowiki>https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/hurricanes/research/twlviewer/</nowiki>
* <nowiki>https://marine.usgs.gov/coastalchangehazardsportal/</nowiki> has long and short-term shoreline changes, sea level rise.
'''Ocean data'''
* Daily OISST by NCEI: <nowiki>https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/optimum-interpolation-sst</nowiki>
* NOAA digital coast: <nowiki>https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/flood-exposure.html</nowiki>
'''Damage and Loss'''
* <nowiki>https://nowcoast.noaa.gov/</nowiki>
* NOAA digital coast summarizes the useful tools for coastal data <nowiki>https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/</nowiki>
* sea level rise viewer by NOAA: The data and maps illustrate potential coastal flooding impact areas and relative depth associated with different scales of sea level rise, as well as potential changes in marsh and other land cover types based on inundation levels. It can be used as a screening-level tool for management decisions. Data download
* <nowiki>https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/data/home.html</nowiki> contains a lot of useful data as well as download.
* digital coast socioeconomic data: <nowiki>https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/data/</nowiki>
* digital coast infrastructure data: <nowiki>https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/data/</nowiki>
* data.gov: <nowiki>https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/?metadata_type=geospatial</nowiki>
* Local coastal erosion maps for different scenarios of sea level rise and frequency of storms: <nowiki>https://ourcoastourfuture.org/hazard-map/</nowiki> <nowiki>https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/ocof.html</nowiki>
* community level wildfire risk <nowiki>https://wildfirerisk.org/explore/</nowiki>
Comprehensive mapping tools:
* <nowiki>https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/data/.html</nowiki> contains a lot of useful data as well as download.
* coastal flood exposure mapper: <nowiki>https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/flood-exposure.html</nowiki> This online visualization tool supports communities that are assessing their coastal hazard risks and vulnerabilities. The tool creates a collection of user-defined maps that show the people, places, and natural resources exposed to coastal flooding. It contains hazard layers (FEMA flood zone, storm surge, sea level rise, and coastal flood hazard composite, ), societal, infrastructure, and ecosystem exposure.
* <nowiki>https://nar.headwaterseconomics.org/</nowiki> contains a lot of socioeconomic statistics by county and state
* Data access viewer: <nowiki>https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/dav.html</nowiki> This online tool allows a user to search for and download lidar, imagery, and land cover data by user-defined geography. Once found, the data can be downloaded with an easy-to-use checkout interface. Users can select from multiple file formats, projections, and datums.
* Flood event viewer: <nowiki>https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/fev.html</nowiki> This interactive map provides viewable and downloadable flood event data from the U.S. Geological Survey's Short-Term Network (STN) database.
* Climate change indicators by EPA: <nowiki>https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/oceans</nowiki>
* tide and currents NOAA: <nowiki>https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/map/index.html</nowiki>
*
* climate explorer: <nowiki>https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/climate-explorer.htmlThis</nowiki> tool projects climate conditions in the United States over the coming decades. The information is derived from global climate models and is available for counties and county equivalents for all U.S. states and territories.
* climate hazard characteristics based on historical data: <nowiki>https://livingatlas.arcgis.com/assessment-tool/explore/map</nowiki> <nowiki>https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/cmra.html</nowiki>
== [https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/socd/lsa/SeaLevelRise/LSA_SLR_timeseries.php Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry / Sea Level Rise] ==
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), in collaboration with The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has developed several satellites to measure global sea levels, including TOPEX/Poseidon and the Jason satellite series: Jason-1, Jason-2, and Jason-3. These satellites have monitored the same areas since 1992, and the data from NOAA’s Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry provide insight into historical trends of sea level rise. In this dataset, the difference in mean sea level from each satellite is provided from 1992 to 2022.
[[File:Sealevelsatellites.png|thumb|alt=Satellite-measured global mean sea level|This scatterplot shows the global mean sea level measurements collected by NASA’s satellites TOPEX/Poseidon and the Jason series. There is an evident upward trend in these measurements, with sea levels having risen about 100 mm since 1992.]]
== Sample Data ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Sea level measurements obtained by NASA satellites
|-
! year !! TOPEX/Poseidon !! Jason-1 !! Jason-2 !! Jason-3
|-
| 2002 || 10.57 ||  ||  || 
|-
|-
| 2002.027 || 7.27 ||  ||  || 
|Digital shoreline analysis system by USGS<ref>[https://www.usgs.gov/centers/whcmsc/science/digital-shoreline-analysis-system-dsas#overview Himmelstoss, E.A., Henderson, R.E., Farris, A.S., Kratzmann, M.G., Bartlett, M.K., Ergul, A., McAndrews, J., Cibaj, R., Zichichi, J.L., and Thieler, E.R., 2024, Digital Shoreline Analysis System version 6.0: U.S. Geological Survey software release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P13WIZ8M.]</ref>
|-
|The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) calculates shoreline or boundary change over time. It enables a user to calculate rate-of-change statistics from multiple historical shoreline positions. It provides an automated method for establishing measurement transects, performs rate calculations, and provides uncertainties associated with rates of change.
| 2002.054 ||  || 0.47 ||  || 
Many local shoreline data can also be found on [https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/folder/5474ec49e4b04d7459a7eab2 USGS's data portal].
|[https://www.usgs.gov/centers/whcmsc/science/digital-shoreline-analysis-system-dsas#overview Access]
|}
|}
 
</div>
Access the complete dataset here: [[File:Sealeveldata.csv|thumb]]
 
== References ==
== References ==
[[index.php?title=Category:Environmental Issues]]

Latest revision as of 16:10, 24 October 2024

Sea Level Rise (Source: ClimateChangePost[1])

Introduction

Since 1880, global mean sea level (GMSL) has risen by 8-9 inches (21-24 centimeters) [2]. This rise is mainly attributed to two outcomes of global warming: the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, and ocean expansion due to increasing ocean temperatures. The GMSL rise is also accelerating. GMSL from tide gauges and altimetry observations increased from 1.4 mm yr–1 over the period 1901–1990 to 2.1 mm yr–1 over the period 1970–2015 to 3.2 mm yr–1 over the period 1993–2015 to 3.6 mm yr–1 over the period 2006–2015[3].

Rising sea levels threaten personal property and infrastructure of coastal cities and towns as well as coastal ecosystems. It also worsens the devastation of natural disasters like hurricanes and tsunamis, which can reach farther inland. Average sea level rise in the U.S. is projected to be 7.2 feet (2.2 meters) by 2100, and 13 feet (3.9 meters) by 2150 with current global temperature and glacial retreat models[2].

Rising mean and increasingly extreme sea level threaten coastal zones through a range of coastal hazards including (i) the permanent submergence of land by higher mean sea levels or mean high tides; (ii) more frequent or intense coastal flooding; (iii) enhanced coastal erosion; (iv) loss and change of coastal ecosystems; (v) salinisation of soils, ground and surface water; and (vi) impeded drainage. At the century scale and without adaptation, the vast majority of low-lying islands, coasts and communities face substantial risk from these coastal hazards, whether they are urban or rural, continental or island, at any latitude, and irrespective of their level of development[3].

Dataset

Dataset Description Map viewer and/or Data access
ESA CCI gridded sea level data[4] A multi-satellite merged time series of monthly gridded Sea Level Anomalies, with a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees, from year 1993 to 2015.

ESA also present other sea level related datasets.

View; Access
AVISO global mean sea level data[5] Sea level data derived from satellite altimery. Access and View
NASA's sea level change portal[6] NASA provides a comprehensive portal for sea level change, including historical data, satellite observations, and projections. observations; IPCC AR6 projection; Interagency scenarios
NOAA sea level observation[7] Global and local sea level time series based on measurements from satellite radar altimeters since 1992. Access
NOAA sea level trend data Local trends in sea level rise estimated using the same measurements above, i.e. measurements from satellite radar altimeters since 1992 View; Access
Sea level rise viewer by NOAA[8] The data and maps illustrate potential coastal flooding impact areas and relative depth associated with different scales of sea level rise, as well as potential changes in marsh and other land cover types based on inundation levels. It can be used as a screening-level tool for management decisions. View
NOAA’s Coastal Inundation Dashboard[9] It provides near real-time water level information, as well as storm track and intensity forecast, active coastal flood and storm surge watches and warnings. Storm surge inundation datasets are created using the high tide scenario SLOSH MOM products for all regions. View
Sea level analysis tool[10] The web application enables users to visualize observed sea level data, compare observations to projected sea level change, and estimate when tidal and extreme water levels will intersect with elevation thresholds related to local infrastructure (e.g., roads, power generating facilities, dunes). View
NASA's coastal flooding analysis tool[11] High-tide flooding is becoming more common in U.S. coastal areas. NASA's Flooding Analysis Tool was created to help assess how sea-level rise and other factors will impact high-tide flooding frequency. Users can view sea-level observations and past flooding frequency, explore future flooding changes, and access statistics and key inflection points to aid decision-making. View
Sea level rise analysis by Climate Central[12] Climate Central provides a set of mapping tools for accurate, clear and granular information about sea level rise and coastal flood hazards both locally and globally, today and tomorrow. View
FEMA flood hazard and risk viewer These data show predicted sea level rise expected to occur by 2050. This increase can give users a sense of how much coastal flooding might increase over the same time. View
USGS Coastal Change Hazards Portal[13] This portal provides a comprehensive collection of data related to coastal hazards, including the probability of long-term shoreline change due to sea-level rise. This probability is calculated using information about rates of relative sea-level rise, wave height, tidal range, coastal geomorphology, coastal slope, and historical rate of shoreline change. Coastal vulnerability index to this change is also giving. View
Digital shoreline analysis system by USGS[14] The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) calculates shoreline or boundary change over time. It enables a user to calculate rate-of-change statistics from multiple historical shoreline positions. It provides an automated method for establishing measurement transects, performs rate calculations, and provides uncertainties associated with rates of change.

Many local shoreline data can also be found on USGS's data portal.

Access

References

  1. ↑ Retrieved from https://www.climatechangepost.com/news/latest-estimate-of-current-rate-of-global-sea-level-rise-35-mm-per-year/ on October 24, 2024.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lindsey, R. (2022, April 19). Climate change: Global sea level. NOAA Climate.gov. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Oppenheimer, M., B.C. Glavovic , J. Hinkel, R. van de Wal, A.K. Magnan, A. Abd-Elgawad, R. Cai, M. Cifuentes-Jara, R.M. DeConto, T. Ghosh, J. Hay, F. Isla, B. Marzeion, B. Meyssignac, and Z. Sebesvari, 2019: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 321-445. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.006.
  4. ↑ Ablain, M., Cazenave, A., Larnicol, G., Balmaseda, M., Cipollini, P., Faugère, Y., Fernandes, M. J., Henry, O., Johannessen, J. A., Knudsen, P., Andersen, O., Legeais, J., Meyssignac, B., Picot, N., Roca, M., Rudenko, S., Scharffenberg, M. G., Stammer, D., Timms, G., and Benveniste, J.: Improved sea level record over the satellite altimetry era (1993–2010) from the Climate Change Initiative project, Ocean Sci., 11, 67-82, doi:10.5194/os-11-67-2015, 2015.
  5. ↑ https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/data/products/ocean-indicators-products/mean-sea-level.html
  6. ↑ https://sealevel.nasa.gov/
  7. ↑ https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/socd/lsa/SeaLevelRise/index.php
  8. ↑ https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/slr.html
  9. ↑ https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/storm-dashboard.html
  10. ↑ https://climate.sec.usace.army.mil/slat/technicaldocumentation/
  11. ↑ https://sealevel.nasa.gov/data_tools/15/
  12. ↑ https://sealevel.climatecentral.org/maps/
  13. ↑ https://www.climateriskwiki.uw.edu/index.php?title=Storm_Surges#cite_note-7
  14. ↑ Himmelstoss, E.A., Henderson, R.E., Farris, A.S., Kratzmann, M.G., Bartlett, M.K., Ergul, A., McAndrews, J., Cibaj, R., Zichichi, J.L., and Thieler, E.R., 2024, Digital Shoreline Analysis System version 6.0: U.S. Geological Survey software release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P13WIZ8M.
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