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[[File:Storm-surge.jpg|thumb|600px|Storm surge (Source: Surfer Today<ref>Retrieved from https://www.surfertoday.com/environment/what-is-a-storm-surge on October 24, 2024. </ref>)]]
==What is Storm Surge?==
==What is Storm Surge?==


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Storm tide is the total observed seawater level during a storm, resulting from the combination of storm surge and the astronomical tide. Astronomical tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and the moon and have their greatest effects on seawater level during new and full moons—when the sun, the moon, and the Earth are in alignment. As a result, the highest storm tides are often observed during storms that coincide with a new or full moon.<ref>https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/stormsurge-stormtide.html#:~:text=Storm%20surge%20is%20the%20abnormal,storm's%20winds%20pushing%20water%20onshore.</ref>
Storm tide is the total observed seawater level during a storm, resulting from the combination of storm surge and the astronomical tide. Astronomical tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and the moon and have their greatest effects on seawater level during new and full moons—when the sun, the moon, and the Earth are in alignment. As a result, the highest storm tides are often observed during storms that coincide with a new or full moon.<ref>https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/stormsurge-stormtide.html#:~:text=Storm%20surge%20is%20the%20abnormal,storm's%20winds%20pushing%20water%20onshore.</ref>
Storm surges are a significant coastal hazard associated with low-pressure weather systems, such as cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons, which can lead to severe flooding and are a risk for coastal communities. As of February 2015, the dataset comprises over 700 recorded storm surge events.


== Datasets ==
== Datasets ==
=== Tropical cyclone datasets ===
<div style="margin-left: 90px;">
<div style="margin-left: 90px;">
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70em"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70em"
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!Data access link
!Data access link
|-
|-
|HURDAT
|Global Peak Storm Surge Map<ref>https://surge.climate.lsu.edu/data.html</ref>
|A database for tropical cyclone historical data released by the [https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/ National Hurricane Center] (NHC). It is a detailed post-storm analysis of each tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin and the North Pacific Ocean. It includes six-hourly updates on various aspects such as location (latitude, longitude), maximum winds, and central pressure of all known tropical and subtropical cyclones, Since 2004, the database also includes data on the size of these cyclones. This database is regularly updated as new analyses are reviewed. Other NHC data archive can be found [https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/ here].
|The Global Peak Storm Surge Map is a comprehensive resource that documents the location and magnitude of storm surges worldwide since 1880.  
|
|[https://surge.climate.lsu.edu/data.html#GlobalMap View]
|[https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/Data_Storm.html Access]
|[https://surge.climate.lsu.edu/data.html Access]
|-
|-
|HURSAT
|NOAA storm surge data<ref>https://vlab.noaa.gov/web/mdl/storm-surge</ref>
|Tropical Cyclone-centric satellite data
|Storm surge forecast generated by a physics-based model SLOSH.
|
|
|[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/hurricane-satellite-data Access]
|[https://vlab.noaa.gov/web/mdl/storm-surge-access-data Access]
|-
|-
|IBTrACS
|National storm surge risk maps<ref>https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/nationalsurge/</ref>
|International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) project is the most complete ''global'' collection of tropical cyclones available. It merges recent and historical tropical cyclone data from multiple agencies to create a unified, publicly available, best-track dataset that improves inter-agency comparisons.  
|An inundation maps for Category 1-5 hurricanes using the SLOSH model.  
|[https://coast.noaa.gov/hurricanes/ View]
|[https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/203f772571cb48b1b8b50fdcc3272e2c View]
|[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/international-best-track-archive Access]
|[https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/nationalsurge/ Access]
|-
|-
|NHC Active tropical cyclones
|NOAA 3-D Surge and Tide Operational Forecast System for the Atlantic Basin (STOFS-3D-Atlantic)
|Real-time monitoring of currently active cyclones
|STOFS-3D-Atlantic provides 24-hour nowcasts and up to 96-hour forecasts for water levels, temperature, salinity, and currents in the Atlantic Basin. This system supports marine navigation, weather forecasting, and disaster mitigation, and uses inputs from the National Water Model (NWM) and various NOAA forecast models. It features a high-resolution, unstructured grid to model coastal and inland flooding. Data outputs include formats like NetCDF, GRIB2, and GPKG.
|[https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/cyclones/ View]
|
|
|[https://registry.opendata.aws/noaa-nos-stofs3d/ AWS link]
|-
|-
|NHC Forecast
|Global storm surge reconstructions (GSSR)
|Forecast of rainfall and wind speed of currently active cyclones
|A database of daily maximum surge values for the past at 882 tide gauges distributed along the global coastline. The reconstruction is based on a data-driven model, utilizing five different atmospheric reanalysis products with varying spatial and temporal resolutions to generate surge information for the periods covered by each reanalysis<ref>Tadesse, M.G., Wahl, T. A database of global storm surge reconstructions. ''Sci Data'' '''8,''' 125 (2021). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00906-x</nowiki></ref>.
|[https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/refresh/graphics_at5+shtml/204502.shtml?rainqpf#contents Rainfall], [https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/refresh/graphics_at5+shtml/204502.shtml?tswind120#contents Wind speed]
|[https://gssr.info/ View]
|[https://gssr.info/ Access]
|-
|-
|d4PDF
|NOAA’s Coastal Inundation Dashboard<ref>https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/storm-dashboard.html</ref>
|Database for Policy Decision Making for future climate change. A large ensemble of climate simulations at 60-km resolution and dynamically downscaled to 20 km. It is designed for climate change risk assessments in various research areas such as natural hazard, hydrology, civil engineering, agriculture, health, and insurance.<ref>https://progearthplanetsci.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40645-020-00367-7#availability-of-data-and-materials</ref>
|It provides near real-time water level information, as well as storm track and intensity forecast, active coastal flood and storm surge watches and warnings. Storm surge inundation datasets are created using the high tide scenario SLOSH MOM products for all regions.
|
|[https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/inundationdb/ View]
|[https://search.diasjp.net/en/dataset/d4PDF_GCM Access]
|-
|-
|HighResMIP
|USGS Coastal Change Hazards Portal<ref>https://www.usgs.gov/tools/coastal-change-hazards-portal</ref>
|The High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP)<ref>https://highresmip.org/</ref> was an endorsed project under CMIP6, featuring simulations at higher resolutions than typical CMIP6 experiments. It spans the period from 1950 to 2050, with additional targeted experiments. Tropical storm tracks are calculated, which can be used to study changes in tropical cyclones under future global warming conditions.<ref>https://hrcm.ceda.ac.uk/research/cmip6-highresmip/tropical-cyclones/</ref>
|This portal provides a comprehensive collection of data related to coastal hazards, including storm surge, from a wide range of historical storms. These data are suitable for use in land use planning projects, storm response and recovery protocols, and infrastructure, ecosystem, and cultural resource management decision-making. Resources are organized under three coastal hazard themes: extreme storms, shoreline change, and sea level rise.
|[https://marine.usgs.gov/coastalchangehazardsportal/ View]
|
|
|[https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/e82a62d926d7448696a2b60c1925f811/ Access]
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
The Global Peak Storm Surge Map is a comprehensive resource that documents the location and magnitude of storm surges worldwide since 1880. Storm surges are a significant coastal hazard associated with low-pressure weather systems, such as cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons, which can lead to severe flooding and are a risk for coastal communities. As of February 2015, the dataset comprises over 700 recorded storm surge events.
== Storm Surge Data by Region ==
This dataset categorizes storm surges by the ocean basin in which they occurred, providing insights into regional patterns of this coastal climate risk.
=== Recorded Storm Surges as of February 2015 ===
The following table summarizes the number of storm surge events recorded in each region:
{| class="wikitable"
! Region
! Number of Storm Surges
|-
| Australia, New Zealand, Oceania
| 134
|-
| East Asia
| 119
|-
| Northern Indian Ocean
| 58
|-
| Southern Indian Ocean (Madagascar)
| 1
|-
| Western North Atlantic
| 388
|-
| Western North Atlantic (Non-US)
| 36
|-
| Eastern North Pacific (Hawaii, Mexico)
| 2
|-
! Total Surge Events
! 702
|}
== Dataset Access ==
The Global Peak Storm Surge Map dataset provides a historical record crucial for research into past storm events and for planning future coastal defenses. For full access to the dataset, please refer to the Global Peak Storm Surge Database.
'''storm-tide monitoring: <nowiki>https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/storm-tide-monitoring#overview</nowiki>'''
National Hurricane center<ref>https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/</ref>has a lot of useful information regarding the current hurricanes, including [https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/ forecast of rainfall], [https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/refresh/graphics_at5+shtml/204927.shtml?peakSurge#contents storm surge forecast] associated with the hurricane
* storm events database by NOAA: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/
* severe weather data inventory by NOAA https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/severe-weather-data-inventory view https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/maps/swdi/
* usgs total water level and coastal change forecast viewer: https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/hurricanes/research/twlviewer/
* sea-level rise viewer
=== Ocean data ===
* Daily OISST by NCEI: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/optimum-interpolation-sst
* NOAA digital coast: https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/flood-exposure.html
=== Damage and Loss ===
*
== References ==
== References ==
<references />
<references />

Latest revision as of 19:57, 24 October 2024

Storm surge (Source: Surfer Today[1])

What is Storm Surge?

Storm surge is the abnormal rise in seawater level during a storm, measured as the height of the water above the normal predicted astronomical tide. The surge is caused primarily by a storm’s winds pushing water onshore. The amplitude of the storm surge at any given location depends on the orientation of the coast line with the storm track; the intensity, size, and speed of the storm; and the local bathymetry.

Storm tide is the total observed seawater level during a storm, resulting from the combination of storm surge and the astronomical tide. Astronomical tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and the moon and have their greatest effects on seawater level during new and full moons—when the sun, the moon, and the Earth are in alignment. As a result, the highest storm tides are often observed during storms that coincide with a new or full moon.[2]

Storm surges are a significant coastal hazard associated with low-pressure weather systems, such as cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons, which can lead to severe flooding and are a risk for coastal communities. As of February 2015, the dataset comprises over 700 recorded storm surge events.

Datasets

Dataset Description Map viewer link Data access link
Global Peak Storm Surge Map[3] The Global Peak Storm Surge Map is a comprehensive resource that documents the location and magnitude of storm surges worldwide since 1880. View Access
NOAA storm surge data[4] Storm surge forecast generated by a physics-based model SLOSH. Access
National storm surge risk maps[5] An inundation maps for Category 1-5 hurricanes using the SLOSH model. View Access
NOAA 3-D Surge and Tide Operational Forecast System for the Atlantic Basin (STOFS-3D-Atlantic) STOFS-3D-Atlantic provides 24-hour nowcasts and up to 96-hour forecasts for water levels, temperature, salinity, and currents in the Atlantic Basin. This system supports marine navigation, weather forecasting, and disaster mitigation, and uses inputs from the National Water Model (NWM) and various NOAA forecast models. It features a high-resolution, unstructured grid to model coastal and inland flooding. Data outputs include formats like NetCDF, GRIB2, and GPKG. AWS link
Global storm surge reconstructions (GSSR) A database of daily maximum surge values for the past at 882 tide gauges distributed along the global coastline. The reconstruction is based on a data-driven model, utilizing five different atmospheric reanalysis products with varying spatial and temporal resolutions to generate surge information for the periods covered by each reanalysis[6]. View Access
NOAA’s Coastal Inundation Dashboard[7] It provides near real-time water level information, as well as storm track and intensity forecast, active coastal flood and storm surge watches and warnings. Storm surge inundation datasets are created using the high tide scenario SLOSH MOM products for all regions. View
USGS Coastal Change Hazards Portal[8] This portal provides a comprehensive collection of data related to coastal hazards, including storm surge, from a wide range of historical storms. These data are suitable for use in land use planning projects, storm response and recovery protocols, and infrastructure, ecosystem, and cultural resource management decision-making. Resources are organized under three coastal hazard themes: extreme storms, shoreline change, and sea level rise. View

References

  1. ↑ Retrieved from https://www.surfertoday.com/environment/what-is-a-storm-surge on October 24, 2024.
  2. ↑ https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/stormsurge-stormtide.html#:~:text=Storm%20surge%20is%20the%20abnormal,storm's%20winds%20pushing%20water%20onshore.
  3. ↑ https://surge.climate.lsu.edu/data.html
  4. ↑ https://vlab.noaa.gov/web/mdl/storm-surge
  5. ↑ https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/nationalsurge/
  6. ↑ Tadesse, M.G., Wahl, T. A database of global storm surge reconstructions. Sci Data 8, 125 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00906-x
  7. ↑ https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/storm-dashboard.html
  8. ↑ https://www.usgs.gov/tools/coastal-change-hazards-portal
Retrieved from "http://climateriskwiki.uw.edu/index.php?title=Storm_Surges&oldid=1705"